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Wild Blue Yonder 1: 50 Years of Gs & Jets
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Wild Blue Yonder - Episode 1 - 50 Years of Gs and Jets (Digital Ranch) (Spectrum Holobyte)(1-107-40-101)(1994).iso
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00127_Field_127.txt
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1994-08-29
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Vertical Flight
As far back as the sixteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci explored
the possibility of leaping from the ground into flight in one
swooping motion. He was dreaming of the helicopter. At the turn
of the twentieth century, such pioneers as Igor Sikorsky regarded
vertical flight as the only flight worth making. They also
realized how formidable were the problems involved in such
flight. Two types of aircraft have dominated the development of
vertical flight -- helicopters and short takeoff and landing
(STOL) aircraft.
The helicopter was the first solution to the problem of vertical
flight, and despite the limitations inherent in swinging a huge
rotor blade, this has become the most popular mode. Since the
speed and controllability of early helicopters were limited,
engineers began investigating short takeoff and landing aircraft.
Germany's Fieseler Fi 156 Storch and the United States' Ryan
YO-51 Dragonfly were both capable of extreme STOL performance but
neither was capable of true vertical flight. The Germans, in
fact, used the Storch in every theater of World War II.
In the 1950s, a number of short takeoff and landing planes were
developed. Convair and Lockheed both pursued the "tail-sitter"
approach. Using turboprops, the Convair "Pogo" actually took off
and landed vertically, while Lockheed's XFV-1 accomplished
transitions from the vertical to horizontal during level flight.
Landing the aircraft has typically been the most difficult part
of vertical flight. The advanced, pure-jet Ryan X-13 was capable
of vertical takeoff but could not land with the same convenience.
A totally different approach was taken by the exotic Avro VZ-9
Avrocar, practically a flying saucer. The Hiller VZ-1, Bell XV-3
and Ryan XV-5A all used ducted fans to supply lift, but the size
and placement of the fans created problems. In addition, years
of effort have been devoted to the so-called convertiplane, which
looks like a helicopter but flies like a plane. These attempts
have included the Herrick, the McDonnell XV-1, and later types
including as the Curtiss X-19A tilt-propeller and the
Ling-Temco-Vought XC-142 tilt-wing. None of these efforts,
however, was successful.